Forward observers in the U.S. military are artillery observers who carry the Military Occupational Specialty designator of 13F in the United States Army and 0861 in the United States Marine Corps. Field Artillery Forward Observer 1189. Field Artillery Forward Observer 1189 was a World War II Army Officer position. [1] 'Directs the fire of an artillery unit from a forward position.
Ch. 2. Tactical Functions | FM 6- 2. Tactical Employment. DISCLAIMER: The following text is taken from a WWII U. S. War Department Field Manual. As with all field. No attempt has been made to update or correct the contents. Any views or opinions expressed do not necessarily represent those of the website.]CHAPTER 2.
Artillery (Field) Manual Contents: Previous Page: Next Page: ARTILLERY (FIELD) Target Acquisition Military Manual Photocopies available from Military/Info The 'Lost and Found Department', of Historical Military Technology, in business for over 20 years now. Forward Observer. Field Artillery School (September 1942); 3 pages Price.50 {Item No.4353} [Outline of Conference]. Pinterest, a visual Bigfoot Observer's Field Manual: A practical and easy-to-follow step-by-step guide to your She also co-authored a book with Mary Green called '50 Years. [DISCLAIMER: The following text is taken from a WWII U.S. War Department Field Manual. As with all field manuals, the text may be incomplete or inaccurate. The forward observer is not attached to the supported unit. He is not restricted to the zone of action or defensive sector of the supported unit. He goes where he can obtain the observation necessary to give effective artillery support. Army Forward Observer Manual In a speech last week, U.S. Army Chief of Staff Ray Odierno said that budget cuts were Step-by-Step Manual on Developing an SHTF Intelligence Section.
TACTICAL FUNCTIONSSection IRECONNAISSANCE3. GENERAL. For general principles of reconnaissance see FM 1. For detailed. discussion of reconnaissance for artillery units see FM 6- 1. Artillery. reconnaissance must be—. Planned with a definite object in view. Active, timely, and continuous.
- A military artillery observer or spotter is responsible for directing artillery and mortar fire onto a target, and may be a Forward Air Controller (FAC) for close air support and spotter for naval gunfire support.
- Implications in a Domestic Insurgency. Here are. Go read the The U.S. Army/Marine Corps Counterinsurgency Field Manual. To access this content, you must purchase Open Source Intelligence Subscription or *LIFETIME* Forward Observer Subscription, or log in if you are a member. Categories: Insurgency; War & Conflict; Methane. December 12, 2014. 5:29 am.
- FIELD MANUAL CONDENSED (FMC) 6-30 7 Figure 2-3 2-2-3. SHIFT FROM KNOWN POINT The observer may have one or more known points in his area of responsibility.
Limited to the individuals and vehicles required. Progressive. e. Decentralized when time is short. RECONNAISSANCE FOR POSITIONS AND OBSERVATION. Reconnaissance is.
The area may. be prescribed by higher artillery headquarters. During a march in the presence of the enemy. ROUTE RECONNAISSANCE (FM 2.
Route reconnaissance must precede every. The higher. headquarters may furnish reconnaissance information and repair work. PLANNING RECONNAISSANCE. Ground reconnaissance should be preceded by map. A study of the terrain from a high point overlooking the area to be.
TIME AVAILABLE. Under some circumstances an artillery reconnaissance may be carried. Under other. circumstances it must be completed in a few minutes, while the units are moving up to the - . When artillery must go into action quickly, delay caused by. PROGRESSIVE RECONNAISSANCE. General. Except in displacements to the rear, artillery commanders habitually precede their. Beginning of reconnaissance. During a march in the presence of the enemy; artillery personnel.
To obtain early information of the plan of action and missions of artillery, the. The artillery commander communicates his plan promptly to his. Extent of reconnaissance. The division artillery officer (group commander) reconnoiters for. He will rarely be able to make a detailed ground reconnaissance for. The battalion commander reconnoiters in. In general, the battery commander selects exact positions for the pieces and exact.
Generally two or more of these steps are carried out. In a fast moving situation, the reconnaissance and selection of position is. Section IIOBSERVATION3. GENERAL. a. Observation is essential in order that field artillery may accomplish its mission of rendering. Supported commanders must plan their maneuvers to seize and.
In order to render close support, field artillery. Artillery observation must be flexible in order to follow and support the constantly changing. It should extend sufficiently deep into the hostile position.
Observation and. adjustment of artillery fire are not confined to artillery observers. Officers and men of the. Field artillery depends primarily on forward observers in carrying out its close- support. Forward observers are selected from the best shots in the battalion. Liaison personnel often. Field artillery units utilize both ground and air observation to cover the.
Ground observation may be. FORWARD OBSERVATION. The forward observer is one assigned to observe in the zone of action or defensive sector of.
The supported arm is mutually responsible for. Direct- support battalions, and in most cases battalions reinforcing the. It is desirable to send out. Forward. observers are controlled and coordinated by the artillery liaison officer from the direct- support. All artillery observers coming forward to. This is essential since the liaison officer knows the local.
The forward observer has two general missions. His primary mission is to observe and adjust. His secondary mission is to keep the artillery battalion informed of the situation. The. forward observer is not attached to the supported unit. He is not restricted to the zone of action. He goes where he can obtain the observation. He is not restricted to reporting only those targets.
He should report everything he sees exactly as he. He should not try to observe the entire battlefield, but should concentrate his observation. BATTALION AND BATTERY OBSERVATION POSTS. In order to cover effectively. When a unit establishes more than one such observation post, coordination is.
Targets reported from battalion and. SOUND AND FLASH UNITS. Sound and flash units provide a valuable means of. Such units are organic in the corps artillery but may be attached to. For details, see FM 6- 1. AIR OBSERVATION. a.
General. Air observation is used to extend and supplement ground observation. Air. observation permits reports of location of targets and adjustment of fire on targets normally. Air observation missions for field artillery units may be. Army. Air Forces. See FM 6- 4. 0 for procedure in adjusting fire.). Organic artillery air observation.
Organic air observation for field artillery consists of a. Its primary purpose is to provide air. A secondary purpose is to furnish oblique photography for use. This airplane is vulnerable to the fire of hostile air and ground forces.
Artillery observation by air force units. Field artillery, especially long- range artillery, requires. Such observation. Army Air Forces. The senior artillery commander. In addition to missions of direct. Oblique air. photographs are furnished for terrain study.
Vertical air photographs are provided to facilitate. Section IIIINTELLIGENCE4. ARTILLERY INTELLIGENCE.
In order to locate remunerative targets, artillery units. The most valuable sources of. The highly organized system of observation and communications installed by the.
These systems afford the force. Artillery commanders may be extremely helpful to supported commanders by keeping them. S- 2 sections gather and evaluate information and. In large operations the intelligence.
Its most important. The most important sources of information for the. Section IVLIAISON4. GENERAL. Liaison is established between artillery and supported units and, in some cases. Close contact between the supported unit and the artillery makes. Maintenance of liaison.
COMMAND LIAISON. Command liaison is accomplished by direct conference between. Upon. receipt of orders committing units to action, commanders should hold a conference to formulate. To assure the efficient continuance of artillery support to meet.
Additional conferences between commanders are held during the progress of. When an artillery unit has the mission of reinforcing the fires of other artillery units. LIAISON OFFICERS. An artillery unit commander uses liaison officers to establish and maintain liaison with. A liaison. officer is the personal representative of his commander with the commander of the supported or. The primary mission of a liaison officer is to advise and assist the commander of the.
He must be able to inform the supported commander of the capabilities of the. To enable the liaison officer to carry out his mission, the supported or. As a secondary mission the liaison officer adjusts the fire of his unit when necessary. An artillery unit in direct support of an infantry unit sends liaison officers to all supported. An artillery unit whose mission is to reinforce the fire of other artillery units sends. Liaison officers should contact the. LIAISON SECTION (FM 6- 1.
A liaison section is normally provided to assist the. Section VCOORDINATION WITH SUPPORTED ARM4. GENERAL. The employment of supporting fire is regulated by the needs of the supported.
Supported unit commanders deal directly with the artillery. The supported unit commander, in making his plan of maneuver, must. This section deals primarily with coordination between artillery and infantry. The. same general principles apply to coordination with other supported arms. PLANNING SUPPORTING FIRES. General. The planning of artillery support is influenced by many factors which.
Enemy situation, whether in movement, in position, or intrenched, and the amount and. Contemplated maneuver of the supported unit. Plan of supporting fire of other arms. Assistance which higher or adjacent artillery units will furnish or require.
Conditions under which fire is to be delivered (observation, maps, time, and ammunition available). Rapidly moving situations.
The division order gives the general plan, the missions of major units, and the general artillery. It designates artillery units in support of particular units. The orders of the commanders. When practicable, the supported commander indicates where the. He usually delegates the indication of specific locations to his. Based on the information outlined in (1) above, artillery commanders adopt dispositions to. Their arrangements include—.
Sending of liaison detachments to infantry battalions and assignment of missions to forward. Agreement with supported infantry commanders as to artillery support and signals for. Preparation and distribution of overlays, maps, or photographs showing the location of. Prearrangement of fires. Prearranged fires are employed whenever the conditions of the operation permit. In. conference with the infantry regimental commander, the artillery battalion commander formulates. Tentative plans for the close- support fires desired by the infantry battalions are made by the.
This conference is. The artillery commander must then coordinate the.
If the powers of the artillery are not fully exploited, the artillery commander. Details of the infantry. EXECUTING AND SHIFTING FIRE (FM 6- 1. Fires may be executed and. Artillery observation. Artillery observation is used whenever it is possible to secure it, either.
Call or signal from supported unit. Regulation of fires by call or signal from the supported unit, in conjunction with artillery. Fires regulated by call or signal may be either prearranged fires or. When time permits, fires to be delivered on call are prepared for likely locations of hostile. The supported unit then calls for such of these fires as are required to meet.
Duration of these fires may be prearranged; or the lifts may be. When the location of the enemy is known, groups of prearranged concentrations may be. A high degree of training of supported and supporting units is required. Otherwise. confusion may result particularly if many lifts are scheduled.